Analysis on Water and Fertilizer Management in Tobacco Field
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Scientific fertilization to ensure the quality of production
Soil provides nutrients and moisture for tobacco plants, and different types of soils have different structures and nutrients. In order to meet the growth needs of tobacco plants, it is necessary to change the soil nutrient structure by fertilization.
Tobacco leaves are crops that are extremely sensitive to fertilizers. Fertilization types, fertilization amounts and fertilizer ratios, fertilization periods, fertilization methods, etc., all have a great impact on the yield and quality of tobacco leaves. Fertilizer application is too small, nutrient supply is insufficient, and the expected production purpose is not achieved; excessive application of fertilizer will greatly reduce the quality of tobacco leaves, which not only increases the production cost, but also reduces the quality of tobacco leaves. Therefore, scientific and rational fertilization is the key to producing high quality tobacco leaves.
In the process of fertilization, the following points must be mastered.
First, determine the appropriate amount of fertilization based on ecological factors such as soil type, water resources, and climatic conditions. When the soil is too loose and the rainfall is too much, the nutrients are easily lost. The amount of fertilizer should be increased appropriately. When the soil is thick or the rain is too small, the amount of fertilizer should be appropriately reduced to avoid the slow release of the fertilizer effect.
Secondly, it is necessary to determine a reasonable fertilization method according to the growth characteristics of tobacco leaves. After the transplanting of tobacco seedlings, the absorption of various nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was rare in the early stage. With the passage of time, the rate of absorption of nutrients by tobacco plants gradually increased, and began to increase sharply one month after transplanting, and reached the maximum about 55 days after transplanting, and then decreased rapidly, and then nitrogen was added. The absorption decreased the fastest, followed by potassium, and the absorption of phosphorus was relatively stable throughout the growth period. Therefore, the supply of fertilizers must be “less time rich, old and poor†to meet the growth needs of tobacco leaves.
Fertilization in tobacco fields usually uses a combination of base fertilizer and topdressing, and re-application of base fertilizer, less application or early application of top dressing.
When applying the base fertilizer, double fertilization is often used. Before transplanting and ridges, 2/3 of the total fertilization amount is applied to both sides of the cigarette line 15 cm from the smoke line, and the depth is about 20 cm to ensure the growth of the tobacco plants before and after the transplant.
Topdressing can not only ensure the nitrogen supply in the middle and late growth of tobacco seedlings, prevent the occurrence of de-fertilization and premature aging in the mature stage of tobacco leaves, but also increase or decrease the amount of original topdressing according to the appearance, soil and climate of the tobacco plants in the field. The amount of fertilizer used in the plan. If all the fertilizers are used as base fertilizers, then too much fertilizer will cause adverse effects on the quality of the tobacco leaves. Therefore, top dressing is also a remedy for adjusting nitrogen. When topdressing, it is necessary to apply weak seedlings and seedlings to promote the catching of strong seedlings. This is an effective means to improve the uniformity of tobacco seedlings in tobacco fields. For those fields that retain water, have poor fertility, have less potential nitrogen, and have weaker nitrogen supply in the later stage, as well as those with excessive rainwater in the first and middle periods and severe nutrient loss, topdressing is to ensure the supply of nitrogen nutrients in the middle and late stages of tobacco plants. An effective means to stabilize the yield and quality of tobacco leaves.
Topdressing can be done by rooting and root fertilization. Under normal circumstances, rooting with potassium nitrate aqueous solution (ternary compound fertilizer or diammonium phosphate aqueous solution) within 25 days after transplanting, depending on the amount of rainfall and the growth of tobacco seedlings, 2 to 3 times of top dressing. In the middle and late growth stages of tobacco seedlings, tobacco leaves sometimes appear to be deficient in potassium. At this time, according to the growth of tobacco leaves and soil fertility, the root external fertilization method is used, and the concentration of 0.2% of the green Fenway solution or the concentration of 0.5% dihydrogen phosphate The potassium solution is sprayed on the front and back sides of the blade. Spray each time in the period of tobacco leaves, the prolonged period and the long period of time.
Since the absorption rate of nutrients by the seedlings is 3 to 10 times larger than that during the daytime, it is better to spray at night or in the evening. It is necessary to choose a windless weather for spraying to facilitate the absorption of tobacco seedlings.
Rational irrigation according to the growth characteristics of flue-cured tobacco
Moisture is the basis for the growth and development of tobacco leaves and the quality of tobacco leaves. According to the demand characteristics of water in different growth stages of tobacco leaves, using reasonable irrigation and drainage methods to maintain proper tobacco field moisture is a necessary condition to ensure high quality and stable yield of tobacco leaves.
In the seedling stage of tobacco seedlings, the vegetative body of the tobacco plant is small, the amount of evaporation is small, and the water consumption of the tobacco field is not large. However, due to the damage of the root system during transplanting, the absorption capacity decreased, while the transpiration of the aerial part was still proceeding, and the water in the tobacco plant easily lost balance and the tobacco plant was wilted. Therefore, in the seedling period, there should be sufficient water supply, increase the bottom sputum, promote the rooting and seedling of the tobacco seedlings, and increase the survival rate of transplanted tobacco seedlings. During this period, the soil water content should reach 70% to 80% of the maximum field water holding capacity.
At the root extension stage of tobacco seedlings, while the roots grow rapidly, the stems and leaves also grow gradually. The transpiration is mainly from surface evaporation to leaf transpiration, and the water consumption increases gradually. If the soil moisture is insufficient, the growth of the tobacco plant will be hindered; however, if the water supply is too much, it will affect the root growth of the tobacco plant, and it should be appropriate to keep the soil water content as about 60% of the maximum field water holding capacity.
The long-term growth of tobacco leaves is the most vigorous growth of tobacco leaves and the accumulation of dry matter. The stems of tobacco plants grow rapidly and grow thicker, the leaves increase rapidly and the roots grow further. The physiological activity of tobacco plants is strong, the transpiration rate increases sharply, and the water consumption form is mainly foliar transpiration. If the water supply is insufficient during this period, it will have an irreversible impact on the yield and quality of tobacco leaves. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen irrigation and maintain the soil moisture up to 80% of the maximum field water holding capacity to meet the needs of the long-term growth of tobacco plants.
In the mature stage of tobacco leaves, after the buds, the tobacco leaves mature from bottom to top, and the physiological activities of the tobacco plants are mainly the synthesis, accumulation and transformation of dry matter. As the number of harvesting increases, the leaf area coefficient of the field gradually decreases, and the transpiration intensity decreases accordingly. The water consumption pattern of the tobacco field gradually shifts from leaf transpiration to surface evaporation, and the water consumption decreases. In order to make the tobacco leaves fall normally, the soil moisture should be kept at about 70% of the maximum field water holding capacity during this period.
Tobacco leaves are extremely sensitive to flooding, and excessive moisture is very harmful to the growth of tobacco leaves. Excessive soil moisture will cause soil air deficiency, affecting root development and tobacco leaf growth. In severe cases, it will cause death of tobacco plants; flooding at maturity will cause bottom drying, dry matter cannot be fully accumulated, leaves are thin, no aroma, sugar, The alkali content is reduced, which seriously affects the quality of tobacco leaves. Therefore, in the rainy season, we must actively do the drainage work in the tobacco fields.
In short, it must be properly irrigated according to the tobacco production period and environmental conditions to ensure the growth of tobacco leaves, so as to effectively improve the yield and quality of tobacco.