Type of sliding bearing damage
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Sliding bearings are critical components in many mechanical systems, and understanding the types of damage they can suffer is essential for maintenance and longevity. Here's a detailed look at common forms of sliding bearing failure:
1. **Scratch (Two-Body Abrasive Wear)**
Scratches occur when hard particles move along with the shaft and come into contact with the bearing surface. These particles create linear marks on the bearing shell and may become embedded in the outer surface of the bearing or the shaft. This type of wear is known as two-body abrasive wear, where the direction of the scratches typically aligns with the motion of the shaft. When the lubricating oil film breaks down, the peaks of the shaft can also cause scratches, contributing to further wear. The presence of iron or sand particles often exacerbates this issue.
2. **Three-Body Abrasive Wear**
This occurs when small hard particles become trapped between the bearing and the shaft, creating high contact stress that leads to grinding-like damage. The particles act as a third body, causing plastic deformation or fatigue in the bearing material. This form of wear is also characterized by linear scratches aligned with the direction of the shaft movement. Severe cases can lead to changes in the dimensions of the shaft or bearing, resulting in reduced precision and increased clearance, which significantly degrades performance before the expected lifespan.
3. **Bite (Adhesive Wear)**
When the lubrication film breaks down or there’s insufficient oil, friction increases, leading to heat generation. At high temperatures, the softer metals on the bearing surface may soften and adhere to the opposing surface. As the shaft rotates, this adhered material can be sheared off and transferred to the other side, creating irregular pits and grooves. This process can escalate quickly, increasing friction and temperature, potentially leading to complete failure of the bearing.
4. **Fatigue Wear**
Fatigue wear results from repeated cyclic loading. Over time, micro-cracks develop on the bearing surface, eventually propagating to the outer layer and causing material to flake off. This creates pit-like damage that reduces the bearing's effectiveness and can lead to premature failure if not addressed.
5. **Peeling**
If the lining of the bearing is poorly bonded to the backing, it may peel away under load during operation. This is similar to fatigue wear but differs in that the peeling areas tend to be more irregular and less defined than the pits formed by fatigue.
6. **Corrosion**
Corrosion can occur due to oxidation of lubricants, which produces weak organic acids that attack bearing materials. For example, lead in copper-lead alloys may corrode, forming rough spots on the surface. In tin-based alloys, oxidation can form a hard SnO2 and SnO layer, which is highly abrasive and can scratch the journal, reducing clearance and increasing wear.
7. **Cavitation**
Cavitation happens when bubbles form in low-pressure zones of the oil film and collapse in high-pressure areas, causing impact and high-temperature damage. This results in small pits on the bearing surface, especially in high-speed or heavy-load applications.
8. **Fretting Wear**
Fretting wear occurs at the interface between the bearing lining and the housing, caused by micro-oscillations and oxidation. It combines adhesive, oxidative, and abrasive wear mechanisms, often resulting in small, localized scars on the contact surfaces.
Understanding these types of damage helps in identifying the root causes and implementing preventive maintenance strategies to extend the life of sliding bearings.
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