Barley is divided into two types: barley and bare barley depending on whether or not the grain clam is present. The barley barley is divided into spring sowing area and winter sowing area, which are mainly used as beer raw materials and feed. In order to promote the adjustment of planting structure and accelerate the development of leather barley production, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Small-scale Grain and Bean Experts Guidance Group and the National Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center proposed the technical guidance for the production of barley (skin barley) in 2018.

First, the spring broadcast area

Spring-sorted barley is mainly distributed in Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Gansu, Xinjiang and other provinces (regions), mainly in the production of beer barley, a small amount as feed and forage.

(1) Northeast China. This area is mainly spring-broad beer barley, with late sowing and shorter growing season.

1. Choose good varieties according to local conditions. According to the local ecological characteristics, production conditions, combined with the characteristics and adaptability of the varieties, select the fine varieties of beer barley that have been registered and certified by the local seed management department, with strong spring, early maturity and drought tolerance.

2. Apply enough base fertilizer and fine soil preparation. There are fewer winter snowfalls in this area, and the eastern part of Inner Mongolia and the western part of Heilongjiang suffer from drought in summer and autumn. Pay attention to soil conservation. Deeply smashing the land, before the winter to be flat; no-till live land, before the sowing should be done before the smash, so as not to affect the emergence of seedlings. The base fertilizer is applied with the seeds at the time of sowing. Generally, 9 kg of pure nitrogen, 9 kg of phosphorus pentoxide and 2 kg of potassium oxide are applied per mu.

3. Suitable sowing, reasonable close planting. Choose corn, soybean, rapeseed, sunflower and other fields before planting. When the surface of the soil is thawed to a depth of 2-3 cm, it can be sown. The southern Heilongjiang Province will be planted from April 1st to June 25th in the western part of Heilongjiang from March 20th to April 20th in northwestern Heilongjiang and northeastern Inner Mongolia from May 5th to June 10th. In areas with high precipitation or good irrigation conditions, the field with medium fertility above 300-350 kg per mu, 300,000-35 thousand basic seedlings per mu, 95% germination rate and 45 grams of seeds per mu. The amount of broadcast is 15-17 kg. The amount of sowing can be appropriately increased on dry slopes, but the maximum per mu should not exceed 20 kg. Mechanical striping, line spacing 15-20 cm, suppression after sowing.

4. Scientific irrigation, rational fertilization. The irrigated land is topped with water at the 3-leaf stage or jointing stage, and the second water is poured at the heading stage. The whole growth period is generally 2-3 times, usually using sputum irrigation. In order to save water and reduce production costs, water-saving irrigation techniques such as drip irrigation or sprinkler irrigation can be used. The soil fertility is low, and the wheat seedlings are poorly populated. The nitrogen fertilizer can be applied in combination with irrigation. After the beer barley is heading, the nitrogen fertilizer is generally not applied, so as to avoid the protein content of the grain being too high, which affects the quality of the brewing process.

5. Prevent and control diseases and ensure quality. Streak disease and root rot are the main diseases of barley in this area, affecting both yield and quality. Stripe disease control can be carried out by seed dressing or seed coating. Root rot can be applied to the seed dressing, or it can be applied to the soil with the same fertilizer at the time of sowing, and it can be controlled by foliar spraying at the heading stage.

6. Timely storage, anti-mildew and insects. Silage forage barley is suitable for late maturity or early waxy stage, beer barley with wax maturity, and feed barley for ripening. Beer barley and feed barley should be threshed, aired and stored in time to prevent insects and mildew.

(2) Northwest China.

1. Choose good varieties according to local conditions. For farmland with lower altitude and better irrigation conditions, it is better to use high-yield and high-quality beer barley varieties with longer growth period, slightly weaker spring and hi-fertilizer. For hillsides with an altitude of over 2,000 meters and no irrigation, it is advisable to use early-maturing varieties that are resistant to drought and low temperature.

2. Apply enough base fertilizer and fine soil preparation. In the winter, the field is smashed, the irrigation is protected, and the cultivated land is leveled to ensure seeding in the spring of next year. Springs that are not irrigated before winter and have insufficient ground cover are required for spring irrigation. Beer barley in this area often affects the quality of grain protein content due to improper fertilization. It is recommended to apply the base fertilizer before planting, and no longer topdressing in the growing season. The amount of base fertilizer should be determined according to the actual soil force. Generally, 12 kg of pure nitrogen per acre is applied. 10 kg of phosphorus pentoxide and 2 kg of potassium oxide.

3. Suitable sowing, reasonable close planting. As in the Northeast, it is recommended to plant seeds in the early spring. Gansu is generally planted in Xinjiang from March 20th to 25th, and from March 20th to April 20th, the planting period can be delayed as the altitude increases. The irrigation conditions are good, the medium and above fertility, the field of 400-500 kg per mu, the basic seedlings of 300,000-400,000 mu, the germination rate is 95%, the 1000-grain weight is 45 grams, and the average sowing amount per mu is 15-19 kg. High-altitude dry slopes can increase the amount of sowing, but the maximum should not exceed 25 kg per acre. In addition to the machine seeding, the sowing method can also be mechanically ridged and covered with film, which is beneficial to drought and water saving.

4. Scientific irrigation, reasonable topdressing. There is less rainfall in the northwestern region, where there are irrigation conditions, watering the head water at the 3-leaf stage, pouring water at the jointing stage, pouring three waters at the heading stage, and generally watering 3-4 times during the whole growth period. In order to save water and reduce production costs, it is advisable to use ridges for furrow irrigation or flood irrigation, and water-saving irrigation techniques such as drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation should be used. Fields with insufficient base fertilizer should be properly topdressed or drenched under water and fertilizer before seedling or jointing.

5. Prevent and control diseases, except for the control of grass. Streak disease is the main disease in the northwest barley producing area, and can be controlled by means of seed dressing or seed coating. Wild oats are the main grass damage in the production of barley in this area. It is necessary to choose suitable pesticides to be sprayed at the seedling stage.

6. Timely storage, anti-mildew and insects. The maturity of barley in the northwestern region varies greatly depending on the sowing date. Silage forage barley is harvested earlier, beer barley and feed barley mature, Gansu generally on July 15-25, Xinjiang from July 20 to the end of September. Silage forage barley is suitable for late maturity, beer barley for wax maturity, and feed barley for ripening. Beer barley and feed barley should be threshed, aired and stored in time to prevent insects and mildew.

Second, winter broadcast area

Winter-sown barley production is mainly distributed in the Huanghuai River Basin, the Yangtze River Basin, South China and the Southwest Plateau.

(1) Huanghuai District. It mainly includes Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi and Jiangsu and northern Anhui. It mainly grows beer barley, feed barley, and a small portion for edible and silage forage.

1. Watering at the right time and rational fertilization. From the jointing of the booting to the heading and flowering, the barley has the fastest development, the most organs, and the largest amount of fertilizer and water. At the end of autumn 2017, there was a lot of rainfall in the area, and barley planting was generally postponed. It is necessary to pour the green water to the threshing water, apply the booting ear to get fat, and promote the early birth fast. In particular, for fields with poor soil quality, low base fertilizer, poor sensation, and weak wheat seedlings, it is necessary to combine the watering and returning water to the plucking water, apply 7.5 kg of pure nitrogen per mu, and apply the booting body fertilizer as appropriate to promote the development of young ears and reduce the ineffective tillering. To ensure the number of spikes and increase the number of grains to achieve high yield and stability. For wheat fields with high fertility, base fertilizer, and strong growth, it is necessary to apply less or no nitrogen fertilizer to prevent late maturity and lodging, and to apply 3 kg of phosphorus pentoxide and 2.5 kg of potassium oxide per acre to prevent stalks. Promote ripening and quality. After barley jointing, when the flag leaf grows to 1/2 size and the young ear is in the 1/3 leaf sheath of the flag leaf, it is the spike period of the spikelet and the stamen. It is necessary to pour the heading flowering water and apply the pollination and grain-retaining fertilizer. According to the soil moisture in the wheat field, timely watering, and timely topdressing according to the population growth and development process, to ensure the normal growth and development of small flowers, flowering pollination and fruiting. The amount of general topdressing per acre is controlled at about 1/10 of the total fertilization amount. If the growth of a single plant is weak and the population is poorly developed, the fertilizer can be appropriately applied. However, beer barley should not be applied with nitrogen fertilizer in this period, so as to avoid excessive protein content in the grain. 10-15 days after flowering and pollination is a key period for grain filling and grain formation. It is necessary to pour the grouting water to ensure large spikes and large grains. According to the wheat field, timely irrigation to prevent drought. Avoid flooding when watering, and avoid windy weather to avoid lodging.

2. Strengthen regulation and prevent lodging. Lodging is one of the main causes of barley yield reduction. It can prevent lodging by means of suppression during seedling stage, water control and chemical control.

3. Scientific use of drugs to control pests and diseases. The main diseases of barley in this area include fungal diseases such as powdery mildew, streak disease, net blotch and smut, and yellow dwarf disease. In recent years, scab also occurs, and the main pests are aphids and golden worms. It is necessary to regularly check the condition and insect condition of the wheat field, and timely select and use high-efficiency and low-toxic pesticides in time to prevent and control.

4. Timely harvest, mold and insect proof. The germination rate is one of the most important quality traits of beer barley. Harvesting too early or too late will have an impact on germination. This area is generally suitable for harvesting from the end of May to mid-June. Feed barley and edible barley can be harvested during ripening or later. Avoid or reduce rain before harvest to prevent ear germination. Degranulate, dry and clean as soon as possible after receipt. When the water content of the grain is less than 12%, it will be packed into the warehouse in time, and stored according to the production use, according to the variety, to avoid moisture and insects and mildew, and to ensure the quality of the goods. Silage forage barley is harvested in the late stage.

(2) Southern District. Including Jiangsu and southern Anhui, Sichuan and Yunnan, as well as Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hubei, Chongqing, Guizhou. Mainly planted with feed barley and beer barley, a small portion for edible and silage forage.

1. Ditch and channel support, drought prevention and drainage. There are many winter rains and snows in this area. After the spring, as the rainfall increases, the wheat field irrigation and drainage ditches should be repaired and destroyed in winter, and the flood control should be prevented in time to prevent waterlogging, so as to avoid the death of dead seedlings. The southwest plateau should also be irrigated according to the soil moisture in the field to prevent drought and reduce production.

2. Rational fertilization, promote the ear to preserve grain. Most of the winter winter barley in the south is planted with rice bran. Due to continuous rainfall after rice harvest last year, the sowing period is generally postponed, and fertilizer and water should be promoted according to the field seedlings. For the soil quality is poor, the base fertilizer is small, especially due to the delay in sowing, resulting in poor growth of the individual, small population of wheat fields, according to the application of pure nitrogen 7.5 kg per acre, as appropriate, to catch the booting body fat. In order to ensure the development of small flowers and grains, the flag leaves grow to 1/2 size, and the young ears are in the 1/3 leaf sheath of the flag leaf, and the top dressing is carried out again. Generally, the amount of fertilization is controlled at about 1/10 of the total fertilization amount, and the field with weak growth per plant and small population development is appropriately applied.

3. Strengthen regulation and prevent lodging. For wheat fields with excessive population growth or high plant height, appropriate chemical regulators may be sprayed before or during the flag-raising to prevent lodging.

4. Rational use of drugs to prevent diseases. Barley diseases in the south are more common, mainly including fungal diseases such as scab, powdery mildew, streak, rust, net blotch and smut, as well as viral diseases such as yellow mosaic disease. Due to the heavy rains and snows in the area last winter, attention should be paid to strengthening the control of scab and powdery mildew. Stripe disease is generally controlled by seed dressing before sowing. When the streak disease is found in the spring, it can be combined with spraying foliar fertilizer for prevention and treatment. Barley yellow mosaic disease is a soil-borne viral disease, which can be prevented by selecting disease-resistant varieties and strengthening spring field management to improve plant disease resistance.

5. Timely storage, anti-mildew and insects. Except for the specific harvest time, the rest is the same as Huanghuai District. (Agricultural and Rural Ministry Xiaozong Grain Bean Expert Guidance Group National Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center)